Borobudur Temple is one of the largest and most magnificent Buddhist monuments in the world. Known as a symbol of architectural and cultural artistry from the past, Borobudur Temple boasts a rich and profound history, reflected in every stone and relief it holds.
The Sailendra Dynasty constructed the world’s largest Buddhist monument between 780 and 840 AD. As the ruling dynasty at the time, they built this monument as a Buddhist worship site and pilgrimage destination. It contains teachings to guide individuals away from worldly desires towards enlightenment and wisdom according to Buddhism. This relic was discovered by the British forces in 1814 under the leadership of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, and the temple area was fully cleared by 1835.
Borobudur was built in a Mandala style, reflecting the universe within Buddhist beliefs. The structure is square with four entrances and a central circular point. Viewed from the outside inward, it is divided into two parts: the earthly realm, segmented into three zones on the outer side, and Nirvana at the center.
The visible and present world experienced by humans today.
Kamadhatu consists of 160 reliefs illustrating the Karmawibhangga Sutra, which explains the law of cause and effect. These reliefs depict human traits and desires, such as robbery, murder, rape, torture, and slander.
The covering at the base has been permanently opened for visitors to view the hidden reliefs beneath. A complete photo collection of all 160 reliefs can be seen at the Borobudur Museum located in the Borobudur Archaeological Park.
The transitional realm, where humans are freed from worldly matters.
Rupadhatu consists of galleries with stone relief carvings and Buddha statues. In total, there are 328 Buddha statues, each adorned with detailed relief work.
According to Sanskrit manuscripts, this section comprises 1,300 reliefs depicting the Gandhawyuha, Lalitavistara, Jataka, and Avadana tales. Altogether, they span 2.5 km across 1,212 panels.
The highest realm, the abode of the gods.
Three circular terraces lead to the central dome or stupa, symbolizing spiritual ascent. This section is devoid of ornaments or decorations, representing the ultimate purity.
These terraces consist of hollow, circular stupas resembling inverted bells, each containing a Buddha statue facing outward. There are 72 stupas in total. The largest stupa in the center, originally 42 meters high with a diameter of 9.9 meters, is not as tall as it once was. Unlike the surrounding stupas, the central stupa is empty, sparking debate over whether it once held something or was intended to be empty.
Overall, there are 504 Buddha statues in meditative poses with six different hand positions throughout the temple.
During the restoration in the early 20th century, two smaller temples were discovered around Borobudur: Pawon Temple and Mendut Temple, both aligned with Borobudur. Pawon Temple is located 1.15 km from Borobudur, while Mendut Temple is situated 3 km away. It is believed that there is a religious connection among these three temples, although the exact ritual process remains unknown.
These three temples form a route for the Vesak Day Festival, held annually during the full moon in April or May. This festival commemorates the birth, enlightenment, and death of Gautama Buddha.
